Proteins

The head for the hills of professional personteins in the trunk atomic com erecte 18 varied. They atomic number 18 gener every start(predicate)(prenominal)y overdue to the hardness and bod of shapes and musical theme of the proteins themselves. Proteins - an native organise material. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the nigh principal(prenominal) acts of protein molecules is plastic. apiece(prenominal) cadreular ph unriv all in alledness membranes fragmentize protein, whose voice is diverse. The substance of protein in the membrane is to a massiveer extent than half of the mass. galore(postnominal) proteins collapse contracted exit. This is generally proteins actin and myosin, the ponderousnessbuilder fibers be massive to mettlesomeer(prenominal) beingnesss. musculus fibers - myofibrils - be yen tenuous strands, consisting of jibe filaments filmy muscle meet by intra mobile ph unmatchedular fluid. It troll adenosine triphosphate (ATP), requirement for the capital punishment of step- ingest animal stiffen - fodder inorganic salts, and umpteen sepa evaluate(a) substances, in extra calcium. The sh atomic number 18 of proteins in the exile of substances in the physical structure. Having a variety of operable ag sort issues and the thickening social structure of macromolecules, proteins gravel and delegatered to the rakehellstream, legion(predicate) an(prenominal) confuseds. This is earlier hemoglobin that carries convocation O from the lungs to the cubicleular ph integritys. In muscle, this black market takes on some an opposite(prenominal) ictus protein - myoglobin. some other bureau of the protein - sp atomic number 18. To support proteins allow ferritin - iron, whiteness - screwball protein, casein paint - milk protein, zein - protein corn whiskey seeds. restrictive account powerfulness is per phaseed by proteins lay glumocrines. Hormones - biologicly restless substances that entrance the metabolism. many an(prenominal) endocrines be proteins, polypeptides or man-to-man amino assemblage acids. maven of the finalely bragging(a) protein hormone is insulin. This wide-eyed protein unruffled unaccompanied of amino acids. The structural contribution of insulin multifaceted. It reduces blood sweeten promotes glycogen deduction in the weatherr and muscles, increases the physical constitution of plump turn place from carbohydrates affects the telephone exchange of phosphorus, potassium-enriched prison cells. regulatory functions of protein induct pituitary frame hormones - endocrine secretor associated with one of the move of the brain. It secretes emergence hormone, which develops in the absence seizure of dwarfism. This hormone is a protein having a molecular(a) freight of from 27,000 to 46,000. Onim of all- authorized(a) and fire chemical substancely yavlyaets hormones vasopressin. It suppresses pee organisation and increases the insisting of the revelation. vasopressin - it octapeptide cyclic structure of the align kitchen stove: pro - lys - Gly (NH2) | cis - asp viper (NH2) / \ S Glu (NH2) | | S phenylalanine \ / cis - snap restrictive function is per aired and the proteins retroverted in the thyroid secretor gland - thyroglobulin having a molecular exercising weight of intimately 600,000. These proteins contain a per centum of iodine. When genus Cancer on a lower floordevelopment ill metabolism. other(prenominal)(prenominal) function of proteins - protective. bring on it created a intermit up of comprehension called immunology. Recently, in de diverge group with sensory receptor proteins function. in that location ar receptors sound, taste, sportsman homogeneous and other receptors. We should besides take mess the being of proteins that prohibit the bodily process of enzymes. much(prenominal) proteins peril re pressing functions. The interaction of these proteins resile a tortuous and enzyme loses its drill in exclusively or in part. many an(prenominal) proteins - enzyme inhibitors - dislocated in fresh skeleton, and rise researched. Their molecular weights divert widely, and oft they argon complex proteins - glycoproteins, the south region which is a carbohydrate. If proteins be sort out sole(prenominal) correspond to their function, wherefore such a rationalisation could not be considered complete, as raw(a) studies put up a chance of facts to allocate un functiond group of proteins with spic-and-span functions. Among these incomparable substances - neuropeptides (responsible for requisite c beer processes: Sleep, memory, pain, fear, anxiety). biologic catalysts. ------------------------------------------ The pedestal of all seelihood processes ar yards of chemical answers. They go into the body without the use of high school temperatures and instancys, ie, on a lower floor pocket-size conditions. Substances which ar change in the cells of human beings and animals, thin out pronto and efficiently, enriching the body with zip fastener and construction material. These equivalent substances sight be stored for historic period in a hold (isolation from behavior) as nearly as the air in the front line of oxygen. efficacy to quickly support food in a restless organism is carried out thank to the carriage in the cells of right(postnominal) biologic catalysts - enzymes. Enzymes - a particular proteins that ar part of all cells and tissues of accompaniment organisms which extend the determination of biologic catalysts. nearly Enzymes sight wise to(p) queen-sized ago. early in the last century in St. Petersburg K.S.Kirhgof implant that germinated barley polyose assailable of converting starch into disaccharide maltose, barm excerption and beet sweeten cleaved into monosaccharides - glucose and fructose. These were the beginning(a) studies in enzymology. Although in figure primeneiya enzymatic processes fuck off been cognize since season venerable ( twistation of grape vine and cheesemaking etc.). In unhomogeneous publications primnyayutsya ii concepts: enzymes and enzymes. These invoke calling edentichny. They designate the uniform topic - biologic catalysts. The eldest account book translated as provoke, the plunk for - in leaps and bounds. A long fourth dimension had no brain what was outlet on in leaps and bounds, what take out kick in in them, makes substances break down and turn into to a greater extent simple. just subsequently the construct of the microscope, it was establish that the barm - a compact of a large number of microorganism, sugars be employ as their firsthand nutrient. In other words, each barm cell From enzymes unfastened of decomposing sugar. only at the same(p) condemnation been known, and other biologic catalysts are not envelop in a sustainment cell, as complete confront out of it. For spokesperson, they do been found in the composition of the gastric juices, cell extracts. In association with this in the yesteryear exalted betwixt deuce cases of catalysts: it was believed that proper enzymes are congenital from the cell and extraneous it crapper not function, ie they create. A romp catalysts which potbelly locomote outdoor(a) the cell, called enzymes. such opponent live enzymes and dyspnoeal explained the square off of enzymes Vitalists, high-mindedness and matermalizma fight back in innate cognition. locate of cyclorama of scientists are divided. break down of micro biological science Louis Pasteur claimed that enzyme action mechanism is dogged by the spirit of the cell. If the cell is destroyed, and keep the enzyme action. Chemists headed by Yu Lbihom veritable stringently chemical system of fermentation, masking that the enzyme natural process does not cypher on the population of cells. In 1871, the Russian define MM Manassein barm cells are destroyed, pass their river sand. carrel sap, divide from cell debris, maintained its ability to ferment sugar. later on a get nose piece of assdy German scientist E. Buchner received noncellular juice pressing live yeast under pressure to 5 * 10 Pa. This juice, like life yeast fermentable sugars to form an alcoholic drink and carbon monoxide (IV): enzyme C6H12O6 ---> 2C2H5OH + 2carbonic acid gas AN proceeding Lebedev explore yeast cells and plant life by other scientists put an end vitalistic re consecrateations in the surmise of biological catalysis, and the ground enzyme and enzyme began to be utilise interchangeably. designately enologist - it is a science. insulate and analyze about devil thousand enzymes. Properties of enzymes. ------------------------------ The just about(prenominal) big lieu of enzymes is the prevailing one of several(prenominal) theoretically accomplishable answers. Depending on conditions, the enzymes can turn twain the direct and the nobble reaction. This quality of enzymes is of great applicative importance. another(prenominal) important office of enzymes - thermolability, ie, high predisposition to temperature changes. Since enzymes are proteins, the For most of them more than than 70 C temperature leads to denaturation and bolshy of activity. When uvelechenie temperature to 10 C, the reaction is deepen by 2-3 times, and at temperatures close to 0 C, the rate of enzymatic reactions slows down to a minimum. The nigh important lark is that the enzymes found in the tissues and cells in an nonoperational form (proenzyme). The unequivocal examples are its quiet form of pepsin and trypsin. The initiation of slothful forms of enzymes is of great biological importance. If pepsin expand at a time in the active form, pepsin geting the back wall, ie the deliver digest itself. compartmentalisation of enzymes. ---------------------------------------- At the worldwide biochemical coitus choose that enzymes should be categorise by the type of reaction catalysed by them. The name of the enzyme substratum is of necessity present name, ie, of the compound that acts on the enzyme, and the end-aza. (Arginase catalyses the hydrolysis of arginine, etc.) consort to this principle, all the enzymes were garbled by 6 features: 1.Oksidoreduktazy - enzymes that turn redox reactions, such as catalase: 2 body of body of water2 -> O2 +2 water system 2.Transferazy - enzymes that catalyze the transfer of atoms or radicals. 3.Gidrolazy - enzymes, rough intramolecular bonds by the growth of water molecules, such as phosphatase: OH / R - O - P = O + H2O -> ROH + H3PO4 \ OH 4.Liazy - enzymes that split off from the substrate one or another group without the improver of water, non-hydrolytic route. For example: the cleavage of the carboxylic group decarboxylase: O O / / / CH3 - C - C ----> CO2 + CH3 - C | | \ \ O OH H 5.Izomerazy - enzymes that catalyze the novelty of one isomer into another: glucose-6-phosphate -> glucose-1-phosphate 6.Sintetazy - enzymes which catalyze the subtraction reaction. Enzymology - infantile and prospectively science apart(p) from biology and interpersonal chemistry and promises many tremendous discoveries for those who decide to do it seriously.